Encouragement Of Small Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Encouragement Of Small Business - Research Paper Example One of the ways through which the national governments promote entrepreneurship is by encouraging small businesses through financial incentives, training for small entrepreneurs, providing exposures to such small businesses, and even reserving some government contracts to small businesses. By reserving certain government contracts to small businesses, it offers them an opportunity for growth, expansion, exposure, and even it shields them from competing with large businesses that have massive financial resources that small businesses cannot compete against (Compton, 2009). It is important to note that under the Small Business Act, a small business is defined as a business that is owned and operated by an independent person (S), and it is not a dominant player in the market. This present paper will focus on the encouragement of small businesses by the government through the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), which spells out regulations for government officials when they are making purchases of government’s goods and services. ... Socio-economic considerations of the federal procurement process Broaddus et al. (2009) that the legal framework that is in place requires that the United States government to engage in an efficient and competitive process when it is procuring goods and services. Besides abiding by this legal framework, the government has further instituted various policies in the acquisition process in a bid to promote certain socio-economic objectives. The policies have been aimed at proving more contracting opportunities to vulnerable groups such as small businesses owned by youths, small women-owned businesses, veteran-owned small businesses, and service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses. However, these small businesses are required to abide by the ancillary requirements as stipulated in the law and in executive orders. According to Keyes (2003), the main socio-economic consideration of the federal procurement process is the uplifting of small businesses that are owned by disadvantaged grou p or persons, who face economical and social disadvantages. These businesses have been accorded special status by the Small Business Act in regards to the U.S government procurement process. Therefore, it is more likely for these small businesses to be awarded a government contract since the government aims at improving the social and economic conditions of the people who run the small businesses, their families, and the community at large. Gender is also a factor that is considered in the government procurement process, in order to favor small businesses that are owned and managed by women entrepreneurs who are normally clustered as a disadvantaged group because of the various challenges that they face. Keyes (2003) stated that the consideration of women in the federal procurement

History of oil and gas in China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of oil and gas in China - Research Paper Example With a mounting population of more than 1.3 billion people, China depends greatly on other countries for prime resources, for example, oil and gas. In order to enhance its association with other Southeast Asian nations, China always considers diplomatic action over military intervention, especially in regards to disputed territories like the Scarborough Shoal in South China Sea. China is frequently involved in a political clash with Malaysia; perhaps, it is due mainly to the two countries' diplomatic dissimilarities. Nevertheless, China's ties with Malaysia are interdependent in that China relies on the huge oil and gas resources of Malaysia in return of China's defense policy and assurance for Malaysia. At the present, Malaysia is the largest producer of petroleum products in the Southeast Asian region, constituting more than fifty [Student’s Last Name] 2 percent of the oil and gas production in area (Global Security, "South China Sea and Natural Gas"). Ironically with China, while it possesses significant deposits of oil and gas reserves, they do not substantially account to the world’s aggregate oil supply; its natural gas reserves is merely one over twenty of the world’s oil and gas reserves (Li and Du 1). ... Early on in history, about 500 B.C., consistent with some historical accounts about China, the old Chinese express about wells with depth of 100 feet holding significant volume of water and natural gas. Also, the Chinese were pioneers in conceptualizing the use of bamboos to serve as pipelines to draw natural gas and oil from wells. These recovered gas and oil were originally used for lighting (Business Reference Services, "History of Oil and Gas Industry"). In addition, the Chinese eventually ventured in searching and excavating wells with depths of over 2000 feet (American Petroleum Institute, "All about Petroleum - As Old as History"). While China was the first country to venture in the exploration and excavation of oil and natural gas reserves, it was not the first country to take innovative approaches in developing petroleum products like kerosene, gasoline, etc. It commenced to adapt a modernistic method in developing oil and gas products only during the 1950s. Even up to the p resent, China is comparatively [Student’s Last Name] 3 fresher in modern oil and gas discovery and production compared to the US. Initially, China was an oil importer but later managed to become independent; and even became an exporter between 1965 and 1993; however, it went back to being an importer in 1993 (Li and Du 1). At first, China imported oil products such as Kerosene in 1863; and in 1949, the country independently produced crude oil; nonetheless, China’s need for oil exports from other countries was never eradicated until after the discovery of the enormous Daqing oil ground in the 1960s that made China ultimately oil-independent (1). Eventually, from being an oil importer, China turned out to be an oil exporter. In fact, between 1978 and 1985,

A Study On Allahabad Tourism Essay

A Study On Allahabad Tourism Essay Known as Prayaga in the Vedic literature, as Tirth raj in the Puranas, and as Illahabas during the times of Emperor Akbar, Allahabad is situated at Triveni Sangam, or the confluence of the rivers Ganga, Yamuna and Sarasvati (which has now disappeared). It is an ancient belief that all sins get washed away when you enter this holy city. Various mythological stories are attached to this city. It formed the epicenter of the Indian Freedom Movement and has produced many of Indias leading political figures. Many important government offices are also situated in this city. It is also well-known for the Diocese of Allahabad. Allahabad is a city of mixed cultures. Awadhi is the dialect of Hindi spoken here. Places to See Allahabad is a both a historical and a popular center for education. Places you must visit at Allahabad are: The Sangam Maha Kumbh Mela (after every 12 years) Allahabad Fort Patalpuri Temple Ashoka Pillar Akshaya Vat Allahabad High Court Shivkoti Mahadev Temple Someshwar Mahadev Temple Anand Bhavan Allahabad Planetarium Allahabad Museum Patthar Girja Minto Park Khusro bagh Dashaswamedh Temple (on the bank of Ganges in Daraganj) Prayag Sangeet Samiti (A place in Civil Lines for musically oriented) Shopping Being a historical and religious center, shopping in Allahabad for ethnic jewelry, incense sticks, sandalwood, camphor, and vermillion, posters of gods and goddesses, and items made of brass can be a memorable experience. For the book lovers, Allahabad is a city of publishers. Where To Stay Allahabad caters to people of all economic strata. Some of the hotels that we recommend are: Kanha Shyam Hotel, Hotel Milan Palace, Hotel Saket, Grand Continental Hotel and Hotel Ajay International. How to Reach Allahabad For the international traveler, the best route to Allahabad would be to take a flight to New Delhi and then take any one of the innumerable trains from New Delhi to Allahabad. By Road: Allahabad is situated on the National Highways 2 and 27 and well-connected by roads in good condition to all the other parts of the state. You can either take a bus run by the Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport or a private transporter. An eight-lane access known as Ganga Expressway is soon going connect Allahabad to other cities. By Rail: Allahabad is a major city on the railway map of India. Many rains ply to and fro. Some of them are the Shivganga Express (from New Delhi), New Delhi-Puri Express, Mathura Express (from Mathura). By Air: The nearest Airport is at Bamrauli (14 km) and Varanasi (120 km). There are regular flights from Delhi.

Observing a Child at Elementary School Recess Essay -- Observational S

A Child at Elementary School Recess This observation is of a 10 year old male child during his lunch recess at an elementary school located in the South Bay area. The student participates in a day treatment program for children with emotional/social difficulties. The length of this observation was approximately forty five minutes. For the purpose of confidentiality this student will be referred to as John. In the first section of this observational analysis a brief description of the program which John participates in will be given. This will be followed by an analysis of John's activities during the observation. Observation The day treatment program John participates in is located on the campus of a public elementary school, and is supported by a local private mental health agency. In general, children referred to this program experience some form of emotional and/or social deficit. In addition to John, there are nine other students enrolled within the program at present. John currently attends a mainstreaming class three times per week, where he has developed several friendships with his peers. This observation began as the students in the day treatment program were let out for recess following lunch. After leaving the class John ran to the designated play area with another student. The designated play area of the playground where the students of this program are restricted to consists of a "jungle bar" set ; This play structure consists of "monkey bars" with tall vertical poles for sliding down attached at each end, three parallel bars of varying height, and horizontal bars constructed in a ladder fashion for climbing on. Additionally, the designated area includes a tether ball court, and a balancing beam constructed in a "Z" shape. The staff has restricted the students of the program to this area due to these childrens' limited abilities to demonstrate social skills, and in order to better supervise the group during recess activities. However, other children at the school are not restricted from this area and interact freely with the children from the program. After John had arrived at the play area he immediately jumped onto the parallel bars and began to swing back and forth, and launched himself into the air landing awkwardly almost falling down. John preceded to jump up onto the "monkey bars." John climbed abo... ...g with a group of peers on the basketball court can be viewed through the behavioral paradigm of social learning theory. It could be argued that John (being somewhat socially handicapped) viewed the staff in a social context with other children. Furthermore, John observed this social contact as possibly beneficial to him (e.g., a chance to make friends outside of the program). The staff acted as a model of those behaviors appropriate to the situation (i.e., cooperation, helpful, outgoing, etc.), and John molded those behaviors once he was involved with the group. And again, depending on the value John might place on such interactions, this might potentially motivate similar social behavior in the future. In conclusion, it would appear from this brief observation that John is approximately at a normal developmental level according to Erikson. John seems to be attempting to gain mastery of those skills which he has difficulties with (i.e., social interactions and motor skills).To aid him, John is using the staff as a model to determine the appropriate skills needed to meet his goals, and is using external cues such as the staffs praises as a guide of his abilities.

Positive Attitude

Dennis Brown once said, â€Å"The only difference between a good day and a bad day is your attitude. † As someone who always tried to keep a positive attitude in life, it is hard for me to imagine a world where people are not as optimistic about everyday deals. After hitting my Junior year in IB; however, the effects of the stress load really began to affect my attitude towards life. However, even though I barely just began this experience, I can truly say that a positive attitude can go a long way.As we explore this idea, we’ll first discover the benefits of being positive, next look at the negatives of losing hope, and finally learn how to keep life beautiful with a beautiful attitude. An anonymous person with a great outlook on life once said, â€Å"You've got to take the good with the bad, smile with the sad, love what you've got, and remember what you had. Always forgive, but never forget. Learn from mistakes, but never regret. † Though, this person did not disclose their name, their point is simple and clear. Staying positive is better than being negative.It is scientifically proven that staying positive can help decrease stress levels, increase lifespan, and can actually cause a greater resistance to the common cold and many other diseases. Ph. D. Doctor Martin Brofman discovered the benefits of keeping an upbeat attitude at all times. Brofman was diagnosed terminal cancer in 1975 and was told that he only had two months to live; two months before he would be forced to confront with death. Determined to make the most of his last few weeks, he refused to let anything get him down by keeping a positive attitude at all times.When the sky looked rainy during the time he was sick, the sun would come out at his command. He would imagine his cancer cells each dying off, one at a time; he would insist that everything would be okay. Two months later, he went back to visit the doctor that declared him terminally ill. The doctor, in return, had laughed in joy and stated that perhaps they had made a mistake. Brofman later quotes that â€Å"In order to release a symptom, one must release the way of being associated with it. Thus, the process of healing implies a process of transformation. Along with the positives of being positive, there are also several consequences for being negative. According to scientific research, negative attitude can decrease lifespan, cause stress levels to rise drastically which can cause many medical problems such as heart attack, hypertension, diabetes, and can create an unpleasant future. There are six main types of negativity: the miserable type, the silent killer, the drama queens, the woe is, the paranoid type, and finally the trigger type. These all have one thing in common: they tend to see many things in a negative light.According to Winston Churchill, â€Å"The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. The optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty. † In the end, the question asked is: would you rather see the difficulty or the opportunity? If the answer is to see opportunity, there are several ways to create a more positive attitude. Firstly, gratitude. If you are grateful towards things that you have, then you tend to have a positive outlook towards your life. It is said that Gratitude is the beginning of all virtues. The next step would be choosing happiness.Be happy; be positive; even when everything is looking rough, there is always light at the end of the tunnel. Thirdly would be substituting problems for challenges. Don’t think of it as a problem, think of it as a challenge. Fourthly, view life as a journey; not a long, weary trek in the end where you go to sleep dejected and exhausted. Think of life as a ride, a ride with twists and turns but nevertheless an honest to goodness fun ride. Next, when you wake up in the morning, think about what a wonderful day it is. A positive start will nearly always end happily.Lastly, stop and s mell the roses and appreciate even the little things in life. As Maurice Setter once said, â€Å"Too many people miss the silver lining because they are too busy looking for the gold. † Often times, people take things for granted and do not look at the positive side of life. However, as shown previously, a positive attitude can create not only great health but also help the people around you. In this sense, a positive attitude is necessary for one to feel truly happy in their lives and necessary for one to truly live the fullest they can.

Educate the child according to his way

When one hears the words â€Å" particular instruction, † they automatically think â€Å" disablement. † However, that is non the instance. There is an old stating â€Å" Educate the kid harmonizing to his manner, even in his old age he will non turn away from it † ( Proverbs 22:6 ) . This adage had evolved over clip as the premiss for educating kids harmonizing to their single demands. The end of â€Å" particular instruction † as we know it today is to do acquisition accessible, relevant, and manageable for all kids. Children with particular demands frequently require individualised plans in order to larn. They can non maintain up with mainstream kids. The ends and impressions of Particular Education have progressed drastically over the old ages. From every bit early as the 1800 ‘s until today, pedagogues have been successful in polishing the course of studies and learning methods to profit the kids with disablements. In the yesteryear, those who were â€Å" different † did non have an instruction and the badly handicapped were frequently shunned or locked up or sent to the natural state to be torn apart by animate beings. Over clip, statute law and Torahs have reinforced for the right for each kid to have a just and optimal instruction. Any kid that has any signifier of cognitive, societal, communicative, emotional, behavioural, learning, physical or centripetal issues is entitled to individualise attending to heighten their learning experience. There have ever been kids with particular demands. However, for many old ages there were no schools or services available for them. Before the 19th century, during the Middle Ages, is was said that those persons who were mentally unstable were non held accountable for their ain actions or behaviours. Childs who were disabled were sent to refuges to be protected from the â€Å" barbarous universe † in which they did non suit. ( Fuller & A ; Olsen, 2008 ) . As the thoughts of democracy, single freedom and equalitarianism began to look in America and France, peoples attitudes changed. ( Hallahan, 1997 ) . The historical roots of particular instruction can be traced back to the early 1800 ‘s. Many modern-day instruction methods for kids with particular demands were used back so. ( Hallahan, 1997 ) . With the bend of the 19th century, things began to alter. In the early 1800 ‘s, Jean Marc Itard ( 1775-1838 ) , an Italian doctor and research worker for the deaf, found that acquisition is possible for anyone through â€Å" custodies on † experience in an environment that is decently stimulated. He is the individual whom most historiographers trace the beginning of particular instruction ( Hallahan, 1997 ) Three Frenchmans were researching in the forests and found a immature male child entirely, wholly wild and missing many accomplishments. They guessed the male child to be about 11 old ages old. He was taken to Paris, where he would be studied as an illustration of the human head in its cardinal province. The doctors who examined him declared that he was non â€Å" wild † instead the male child was mentally lacking. ( Plucker, 2007 ) No one agreed with Itard, nevertheless, he believed that the kid, Victor, the name he chose for the male child, was the manner he was because he had been populating in the wood for old ages and did non hold the proper attention. He claimed that Victor ‘s mental lack was due to the deficiency of human interaction. Itard believed that it can be overcome. He devoted the following five old ages to an individualised educational plan. This was the first illustration of an IEP, and the beginning of modern particular instruction. ( Plucker, 2007 ) Itard was successful in detecting many learning techniques that introduced many methods of direction to particular ed pedagogues. Subsequently, his pupil Edouard Sequin, brought this educational method to the US. During this clip, persons with disablements were put into restricting prisons without proper attention and nutrient. Many doctors such as Edouard Sequin, wanted to relieve the opprobrious ill-treatment from the people with disablements ( Ackerman, Jaeger, & A ; Smith, 2009 ) . In 1817, Thomas Gallaudet established the first institute for the deaf in Hartford, Connecticut which is now called â€Å" The American School for the Deaf. † In 1829, Samuel Gridley Howe ( 1801 – 1876 ) who graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1824, founded the â€Å" Perkins School for the Blind † in Watertown, Massachusetts in 1829. Howe was successful in learning Laura Bridgman, which had a large influence on the future instruction of Helen Keller ( Hallahan, 1997 ) . A miss like Helen Keller would hold ne'er imagined there to be a topographic point for her to larn. This was now a dream for Helen Keller. Anne Sullivan trained in Perkins School and turned Helen Kellers dark universe in to light. Sullivan enabled a blind, deaf, and muffle miss to pass on every bit best as she can with others. At the terminal of the 19th century, the authorities implemented juvenile tribunals and public assistance plans for both striplings and kids. Many particular categories were formed in many schools every bit good. However, many of the lesser disableme nts were non treated during this clip due to the fact that they were largely incognizant of these jobs unit subsequently on when the public school system evolved. The major focal point in the 1800 ‘s was chiefly on the terrible handicapped persons who suffered from mental deceleration, sightlessness, hearing loss, and emotional perturbations ( Myhill, 2008 ) . From 1817 to the beginning of the Civil war, more than 40 old ages, many provinces in the US set up schools for the blind, deaf, and mentally retarded or orphans. These schools tried to follow the ways of the European schools. In 1817, in Hartford, CT, the American Asylum for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf was opened. In 1959 the Massachusetts School for the Idiotic and Feebleminded Youth, now called the Fernald Development Center, was set up in Boston. ( Kirk, 2006 ) . The particular category for deaf kids was in a public school in Boston in 1869. Approximately 30 old ages subsequently, a particular category for the mentally retarded was organized in Providence, Rhode Island. In 1899, a category for kids with physical damages opened followed by a category in Chicago for kids who were blind. ( Kirk, 2006 ) . At the bend of the 20th century, pedagogues began to concentrate a batch more on the function of particular instruction. In the early 1900 ‘s, the figure of particular instruction categories drastically increased. There was more of an accent on mental wellness and kid clinics. In add-on, the rise in psychological science began and the usage of mental trials resulted in the growing for new surveies and methods in every country of particular instruction. In 1922, the Council for Exceptional Children was formed. This was the start of many establishments and organisations that would alter the instruction for particular demands people in America. In 1930 many parents gathered to organize a group on a national degree. In 1950, this group was subsequently known as the National Association for Retarded Citizens. In 1963 they developed the Association for Children with Learning Disabilities. ( Ackerman, Jaeger, & A ; Smith, 2009 ) . These new thoughts of instruction prompted many people to recommend for particular demands kids. Up until the 1930 ‘s, many believed that heavy concern should non be placed on persons who failed to maintain up with the criterions of a schoolroom. However, at this point, many were recognizing the deficiency of their ability that it was non the kids mistake. Yet, with the proper stimulation, they can win. ( Government, 2002 ) . In add-on, the book â€Å" The Child Who Never Grew † by Pearl Buck, stole the Black Marias of many parents and fostered the parental support groups. The book describes the experience of raising a kid with mental deceleration. It provided parents encouragement that they were non entirely, and that there were many others sing the same thing as they were. ( Fuller & A ; Olsen, 2008 ) . In 1954, the classical instance of Brown vs. Board of Ed took topographic point. This instance had a major impact on pupils with disablements. ( Pardini, 2002 ) The tribunals began to reconsider the rights of minority citizens in many different ways. One of the most influential advocators for the rise in particular instruction would be President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He demonstrated that person wheelchair edge can still execute expeditiously despite their disablement. Further more, while in office, President John F. Kennedy established the Task Force on National Action to Combat Mental Retardation, the President ‘s Commission on Mental Retardation, and the Bureau of Education for the Handicapped, which is now the office of Particular Education Programs. Turning up with a mentally sick sister, he strongly influenced the development of particular instruction, while stressing the importance of the right for those with disablements to a full chance of instruction. ( Fuller & A ; Olsen, 2008 ) . By 1975, the Education for all Handicapped Children Act, besides known as Public Law, and the FAPE, free appropriate public instruction, were implemented. They established the footing for instruction reform for babies through striplings with disablements and enabled pupils with disablements to assist fund the heavy costs for services. ( History of Spec ial Education, 2003 ) . It besides provided the same rights for instruction for pupils with disablements and those regular mainstream kids. ( Kiss, 2006 ) . In 1977 the EAHCA, Education of all Children Act was actualized. It stated that the Torahs protecting kids with disablements the right to free instruction, the FAPE. This besides included that pupils should be placed in the last restrictive environment LRE, and proper arrangement harmonizing to their demands. Teachers worked together with the kid and frequently used alternate methods or allowed the kid some excess clip to finish the assignment. Some schools set aside resource room to assist weaker kids one on one. This backfired because frequently kids who were pulled out were looked at as â€Å" different † and many â€Å" regular † instructors slacked off with their duties of their particular demands kids. ( Berger, 2005 ) . In 1990, to work out this job, the construct of â€Å" inclusion † was created. Th is was an attack in educating kids with particular demands in which they are included in regular schoolrooms with â€Å" appropriate AIDSs and services † as required by jurisprudence ( Berger, 2005 ) . This led up to the enlargement of the IDEA, the Persons with Disabilities Education Act in 1990. The IDEA is responsible for over six million kids having particular services today. ( History of Special Education, 2003 ) . The incredible advancements of past pedagogues in particular instruction were of import edifice blocks to what particular instruction has become today. What exists today in Particular Education is from the difficult work of pedagogues and parents of the old centuries. Today over two hundred thousand immature kids and 598,922 pre schoolers are having services through the Board of Education as of 2001. ( Fuller & A ; Olsen, 2008 ) . Particular instruction services are made to concentrate on the person in order to guarantee that the kid is maximising their full potency. It consists of either one on one little group direction, learning alterations, and physical, address or businesss therapies. Each kid is provided with an Individualized Education Program, or IEP, which targets the ends and demands for each specific kid. The schools must supply one-year advancement studies in functional and academic accomplishments. ( Fuller & A ; Olsen, 2008 ) . While seeking to keep inclusion schoolroom s, schools besides have to do certain they are run intoing the demands for the province appraisals. To reason, particular instruction has gone through a enormous sum of alterations. In the 1700 ‘s and early 1800 ‘s, there was no such thing as educating an exceeding kid. In add-on, instructors had small preparation in binding to understand the universe of a kid with disablements. ( Johnson, Dupuis, Musial, Hall, & A ; Gollnick, 1999 ) .However, in the 20th century, that began to alter quickly. Today, instructors are trained in specific countries and work with these kids to break their opportunities in taking a successful life. There is a uninterrupted sum of attempt put in to assisting those who needed excess aid. In is unfortunate that the exceeding had to endure so much for particular instruction to go a world. Hopefully we will go on to keep the advancement in the hereafter.

Content analysis Why is it that many US citizens are not well informed about international events

Content analysis Why is it that many US citizens are not well informed about international events Media coverage of local and international events plays a critical role in reproduction, dissemination, construction and expression of prevailing perspectives and dominant ideologies when carried out without bias.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Content analysis: Why is it that many US citizens are not well informed about international events specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unbalanced treatment in the provision of local and international news by different sources of media as well as the perception of media on domestic news has drawn much concern on the level of information citizens of a country get on international news. This paper examines the excerpts of New York Times and Los Angeles Times media coverage of local and international news to determine the reporting bias of their content on whether they are positive, negative or neutral. Hence, this paper focuses on the front pages of the New York Times, Washingt on Post and Los Angeles Times newspapers of 1st February 2012. Research question: Why is it that many US citizens are not well informed about international events? Hypotheses The disclosure made by media on both domestic and international news plays an important role of revealing how events or even power interplay across cultural encounters. Groeling argues that balanced media coverage that considers both positive and negative dimensions of international matters acts as a very powerful tool that influences citizens of a nation on how to develop global public opinions.1 However, this has not been the case with many US newspapers due to their bias coverage of international news. In most cases, they have given more attention to domestic events and covered some sections of international news which are of less significance to the American public. Groeling posits that less significant does not mean that it lacks value per se, but that most stories of international events are normally nega tive reports of either terrorism, loss of lives or war with little on developments and inventions. From these concerns, the paper develops the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: News outlets stressing US domestic over international news coverage causes US citizens to be uninformed about international events.Advertising Looking for coursework on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hypothesis 2: News outlets tending to report primarily negative stories about international events causes US citizens to be uninformed about international events. Hypothesis 3: News outlets tending to focus their international coverage on Mexico, Canada, Western European countries, and countries where US military forces are engaged in conflicts causes US citizens to be uninformed about international events. Definition of terms Negative media coverage: Refers to the media presenting stories which are of negative nature. Issue s which are negative in the society are often highlighted with an intention of awakening members of the society on the bad issues that are happening in the modern world or in people’s lives.2 Neutral coverage: Offering of stories or events that are neither negative nor positive. Positive media coverage: Refers to presentations by media on stories which are of positive nature such as those which involve accomplishments and award. Newspaper content analysis New York Times stressing local and domestic news over international news New York Times newspaper is one of the major American newspapers whose main sections business news, Washington updates, national, sports and international news as well as an opinion and features section.3 Of greatest importance for this paper is the newspaper for 1st February 2012 whose front page clearly depicted how unbalanced it is in presenting both domestic and international news. Babad and Peer point out that inasmuch as events in a nation should take a better portion of media coverage, international events are also important in informing a population on matters that would affect them and that have significant information.4 In the New York Times 1st of February 2012 edition, over 60% of the front page events were domestic news.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Content analysis: Why is it that many US citizens are not well informed about international events specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the key news included Romney’s election campaigns in Florida where he won in primary, issues of health especially cancer in America and matters related to donors who are interested in rising above Obama. The front page had very little on international news band and whatever was presented was a negative report related to violence in Syria.5 In fact, international bits of news have been included in inside pages such as in section A of page ten which gives international events only the negative perception. A case example is the massive deaths occurring in Eastern Europe. Limited reporting of positive international news as well as biased coverage of international news on the front page denies the American public better and sufficient international information. Los Angeles Times and negative media reporting on international news Los Angeles Times is a daily American newspaper that offers both national and international news coverage on areas such as politics, business and sports. Its coverage for 1st February 2011 has about 75% local or domestic news on its front page and about 25% of international news most of which are negative reports. One such report was published by Brian Bennett on threats of terror and a possible attack on US by Iran.6 Domestically, Los Angeles news presents positive news such as that of Romney’s win and other neutral ones like raising cash to develop a cash reserve in California.7 Media coverage on Mexico , Canada, Western European countries, and countries where US military forces are engaged in conflicts While this may be partly true to news papers such as Washington Post whose front page has a section on US developments in war zones, it is important to note that international news related to war do not take center stage in front pages like domestic news.8 International news for this paper is mostly negative and feature in inside pages. Inasmuch as the events presented in the newspaper as international news are real, they create the impression that many international events are negative this deny most Americans the ability to gain other useful information on matters happening around the world. Conclusion: To sum up, it is vital to note that unbalanced media coverage of domestic and international news and the perspectives both positive and negative created by news on daily events play a critical role of denying American public sufficient and beneficial information on international ma tters.Advertising Looking for coursework on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Media coverage on most front pages of US national newspapers such as Los Angeles and New York Times gives a lot of cover mostly positive and neutral to US’s domestic events and paint a bad impression on international events by negative news. There is great need for media groups to create a balance of both local and international news and major on positive aspects of events happening internationally as these not only motivate readers’ interested international affairs, but also provide them with information they can use to develop opinions. Bibliography Babad, Elisha Peer, Eyal. Media bias in interviewers nonverbal behavior: potential remedies, attitude similarity and meta-analysis. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 34, no. 1 (2010): 57-78. Bennet, Brian. â€Å"Al Qaeda weakened, Iran a threat, U.S. intelligence officials say†. Los Angeles Times. Feb. 1, 2012. https://www.latimes.com/ Gadner, Amy. â€Å"Panetta says U.S. hopes to end Afghanistan combat mission in 20 13†. Washington Post. Feb.1, 2012. https://www.washingtonpost.com/ Groeling, Tim. Whos the fairest of them all? An empirical test for partisan bias on ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox News. Presidential Studies Quarterly 38, no. 4 (2008): 631-657. Shear, Michael. â€Å"Still Battling G.O.P. Foes, Romney Turns to Face Obama†. New York Times. Feb. 1, 2012. https://www.nytimes.com/ Appendix Content Analysis Tally Sheet: Story Number US Domestic or International Content If International, Country or Region Covered Story is Positive, Negative, or Neutral Inches of Text in Story 1 New York Times domestic positive 1. 5† International Syria Negative 1 2 Washington post Domestic positive 5† International Afghanistan Negative 3 Los Angeles Times Domestic 5† International Afghanistan Negative 4 Continue to end of newspaper with enough rows for total number of stories Footnotes 1 Tim Groeling. Whos the fairest of them all? An empirical t est for partisan bias on ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox News. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 38, no. 4 (2008): 650. 2 Ibid. p.650 3 Michael Shear. â€Å"Still Battling G.O.P. Foes, Romney Turns to Face Obama†. New York Times. Feb. 1, 2012. 4 Elisha Babad Eyal Peer. Media Bias in Interviewers Nonverbal Behavior: Potential Remedies, Attitude Similarity and Meta-analysis. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 34, no. 1 (2010): 67. 5 Ibid. p.67 6Brian Bennet. â€Å"Al Qaeda weakened, Iran a threat, U.S. intelligence officials say†. Los Angeles Times. Feb. 1, 2012. 7 Ibid. 8 Amy Gadner. â€Å"Panetta says U.S. hopes to end Afghanistan combat mission in 2013†. Washington Post. Feb.1, 2012.

Interpreter of Maladies

Interpreter of Maladies The short story Interpreter of Maladies written by Jhumpa Lahiri explores a variety of themes. One of them is the need for intimacy. In particular, the author shows that this need can be partly explained by our willingness to speak openly to a person who will not be judgmental of our behavior, values, or morality.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Interpreter of Maladies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, this novella suggests that the desire for intimacy can sometimes arise because people want to find a companion who will feel compassion for them and probably raise their self-esteem. Jhumpa Lahiri explores this issue by focusing on the relations between such characters as Mrs. Das and Mr. Kapasi. Overall, Jhumpa Lahiri creates a situation when intimacy is driven mostly by selfishness, rather then love or affection. This paper will show how the writer communicates this idea to the readers. The writer employs several literary elements in order to convey this message to the reader. First of all, one has to speak about character development. Lahiri does not present a direct evaluation of Mrs. Das or Mr. Kapasi. Yet, practically in every passage of this novella, Lahiri gives some minor descriptions which can tell us a lot about the inner world of these people. For example, she tells that â€Å"Mr. and Mrs. Das bickered about who should take Tina (their daughter) to the toilet† (Lahiri 2005, p. 185). Secondly, she refuses to help her daughter with her manicure and asks Tina to â€Å"leave her alone†. These details suggest that she might be unhappy in her marriage. One can surely say that Mrs. Das feels alienated from her husband and children. Yet, at the beginning we do not why she behaves in such a way. Similarly, the author shows us that Mr. Kapasi views his job as an interpreter as a â€Å"thankless occupation† which does not allow him to fulfill his potentia l (Lahiri 2005, p. 191).Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These people are gravitated toward one another for different reasons. Ms. Das believes that she is the person to whom she can confess that she was unfaithful to her husband without having to justify or acquit herself. In his turn, Mr. Kapasi feels closeness to her because she expressed some interest in him and his work. Character development is the main literary element that demonstrates that their alleged intimacy can be more attributed to egoism instead of affection. Therefore, it is not surprising that these people fail to develop any form of relationship. The conflict presented in this short story has two dimensions. The main characters have to choose between their self-interests or self-esteem and the necessity to accept or tell the truth. For instance, Mr. Kapasi does not want to accept the i dea that his career and his life are not as successful as he wants them to be. This is the reason why he is attracted to Mrs. Das who finds him â€Å"romantic† (Lahiri 2005, p. 191). Nonetheless, he does not want to do anything that can improve the quality of his life. Similarly, Mrs. Das is not willing to acknowledge the fact that her marriage proved to be a complete failure, and she can be partly blamed for this outcome. The main issue is that these people do not even consider telling the truth to others or to themselves. Instead, they strive to find an imaginary friend able to console them. This is one of the reasons why they are unhappy and discontent with themselves and others. Other important literary elements that should not be overlooked are the voice of the author and the narrative mode. Jhumpa Lahiri tells the story from the third-person point of view. The writer enables the reader to better understand the feelings and emotions of different characters. One can also say that she feels some form of empathy for them. She explains why they feel so alienated from their families, and why they are longing for intimacy. Moreover, it is possible to assume that the narrator is the only one who understands the feelings and sentiments of Mrs. Das, or Mr. Kapasi. Other characters lack this capacity.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Interpreter of Maladies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, those people, who surround Mrs. Das, or Mr. Kapasi, do not know why they feel frustrated. Thus, one can argue that the narrative mode and the voice really help the author show that the main protagonists strive for compassion and sincerity. Other people do not even try to find out the cause of their depression or discontent. They may not even notice that something is wrong with them. There are various peculiarities of the plot which play instrumental role in revealing the personal qualities of characters. First, one can notice that Jhumpa Lahiri prefers non-linear plot which is full of flashbacks or recollections. These flashbacks are aimed at explaining the reasons why Mr. Kapasi and Mrs. Das can be drawn to each other. For example, Lahiri tells us about Kapasi’s relations with his wife who blamed him for his inability to avert the death of their son (2005, p. 192). Additionally, the flashbacks inserted into the story describe the circumstances that prompted Mrs. Das to commit adultery. The writer does not attempt to justify them; more likely, she tries to better illustrate their need for intimacy. This non-linear structure of the plot is essential for portraying the inner world of characters. Additionally, if we speak about the plot of the story, we should focus primarily on the climax. At this point, Mrs. Das tells she wants to speak to someone who can alleviate her suffering. She says, â€Å"I’ve been in pain eight years. I was hoping you c ould help me feel better† (Lahiri 2005, p. 201). Her confession disappoints his expectations because he clearly wanted to establish romantic relations with her. He did not want to be a counselor. At this point, both of them realize that they have nothing in common with one another. During the final scene, Mrs. Das throws away the note on which the address of her companion is written. This moment symbolizes the rupture of their relations. Jhumpa Lahiri skillfully employs to communicate her message to the readers.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overall, such a novella as Interpreter of Maladies can identifies several reasons why people look for intimacy. On the one hand, we can speak about with people’s willingness to communicate with someone who will not condemn them and accuse them of immorality. This is particularly important for Mrs. Das. The second reason is self-esteem. Mr. Kapasi feels intimacy toward this woman because he believes that she finds him romantic and interesting rather than commonplace. The author shows that the intimacy and relations that are driven by selfishness are more likely to be fruitless. Reference List Lahiri, J. (2005). Interpreter of Maladies. In, P. Shreve B, Nguyen, (Ed.), 30/30:  thirty American stories from the last thirty years (pp. 185- 203). New York: Pearson Longman.

Automobile Industry, India Automobile Industry Essay Example for Free

Automobile Industry, India Automobile Industry Essay Automobile industry (27) , Suzuki (5) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Following India’s growing openness, the arrival of new and existing models, easy availability of finance at relatively low rate of interest and price discounts offered by the dealers and manufacturers all have stirred the demand for vehicles and a strong growth of the Indian automobile industry. The data obtained from ministry of commerce and industry, shows high growth obtained since 2001- 02 in automobile production continuing in the first three quarters of the 2004-05. Annual growth was 16. 0 per cent in April-December, 2004; the growth rate in 2003-04 was 15. 1 per cent The automobile industry grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22 per cent between 1992 and 1997. With investment exceeding Rs. 50,000 crore, the turnover of the automobile industry exceeded Rs. 59,518 crore in 2002-03. Including turnover of the auto-component sector, the automotive industry’s turnover, which was above Rs. 84,000 crore in 2002-03, is estimated to have exceeded Rs. 1,00,000 crore ( USD 22. 74 billion) in 2003-04. Automobile Dealers Network in India In terms of Car dealer networks and authorized service stations, Maruti leads the pack with Dealer networks and workshops across the country. The other leading automobile manufactures are also trying to cope up and are opening their service stations and dealer workshops in all the metros and major cities of the country. Dealers offer varying kind of discount of finances who in tern pass it on to the customers in the form of reduced interest rates. Major Manufacturers in Automobile Industry Maruti Udyog Ltd. General Motors India Ford India Ltd. Eicher Motors Bajaj Auto Daewoo Motors India Hero Motors Hindustan Motors Hyundai Motor India Ltd. Royal Enfield Motors Telco TVS Motors DC Designs Swaraj Mazda Ltd Government has liberalized the norms for foreign investment and import of technology and that appears to have benefited the automobile sector. The production of total vehicles increased from 4. 2 million in 1998- 99 to 7. 3 million in 2003-04. It is likely that the production of such vehicles will exceed 10 million in the next couple of years. The industry has adopted the global standards and this was manifested in the increasing exports of the sector. After a temporary slump during 1998- 99 and 1999-00, such exports registered robust growth rates of well over 50 per cent in 2002-03 and 2003-04 each to exceed two and- a-half times the export figure for 2001-02. Automobile Export Numbers Category1998-991998-99Passenger Car25468121478Multi Utility Vehicles26543892Commercial Vehicles1010819931Two Wheelers100002256765Three Wheelers2113851535Percentage Growth-16. 632. 8 THE KEY FACTORS BEHIND THIS UPSWING Sales incentives, introduction of new models as well as variants coupled with easy availability of low cost finance with comfortable repayment options continued to drive demand and sales of automobiles during the first two quarters of the current year. The risk of an increase in the interest rates, the impact of delayed monsoons on rural demand, and increase in the costs of inputs such as steel are the key concerns for the players in the industry. As the players continue to introduce new models and variants, the competition may intensify further. The ability of the players to contain costs and focus on exports will be critical for the performance of their respective companies. The auto component sector has also posted significant growth of 20 per cent in 2003-04, to achieve a sales turnover of Rs. 30,640 crore (US$ 6. 7 billion). Further, there is a potential for higher growth due to outsourcing activities by global automobiles giants. Today, this sector has emerged as another sunrise sector. EVEN GROWTH Opposing the belief that the growth in automobile industry has catered only to the top income-stratum of society, Growth of exports of 32. 8 % in the first three quarters of 2004-05, the fastest growth in volumes has come from commercial vehicles as against passenger cars. Between 1998-99 and 2003-04, output of commercial vehicles has grown 2. 8 times compared to the 2. 2 times increase in passenger cars. Furthermore, two-wheeler output continues to dominate the volume statistics of the sector. In 2003-04, for every passenger car turned out by the sector, there were 7 two-wheelers produced. In the two wheeler segment, there is a greater preference for motorcycles followed by scooters, with both production and domestic sales of motorcycles increasing at faster rates than for scooters in the current and previous years. However, mopeds have registered low or negative growth. Export growth rates have been high both for motorcycles and scooters. Automobile Industry, India Automobile Industry. (2017, Feb 06). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Hydraulic Fracturing For Natural Gas - Gasland Essay - 7

Hydraulic Fracturing For Natural Gas - Gasland - Essay Example One of the rhetorical strategies used in the documentary was the manner by which the narrator gathered pieces of evidence from people through verbal communication or speech. Through the journey, Josh Fox had interviewed an estimated number of about 20 individuals who were directly affected by the gas wells; and about 5 experts in the fields of environmental protection, public service, quality specialists, medical practitioner, and representative of the Environmental Protection Agency. The manner by which these individuals and experts provided testimonies to their verbal disclosures viably supported their arguments that since the oil and gas wells were drilled in their respective properties, their drinking water had been seriously contaminated. Aside from relaying the information verbally, most of the testimonies provided pieces of evidence in terms of showing the kind of water collected from their faucets; and even proving that when lit, water from the faucet ignites into flame. Like wise, some of the people who were interviewed explicitly indicated the negative impact of these wells; such as Debbie May who relayed that the drinking water initially tasted like metal and turned into murky brown. In addition, she also showed that her cat and horse exhibited shedding of their hair, as a result of being exposed to these gas wells. Thus, the people who provided verbal discourse were effective in appealing both through logic (through visual support) and emotions (by indicating health hazards and conditions which were experienced); as such, were effective in providing the needed proof to substantiate their allegations that the gas well was detrimental to their lives. Another rhetorical strategy used by Fox was the selection and choice of sound. It was evident that Fox was able to creatively incorporate background music, the sounds of machines, the sounds of the wind or water from the streams, the sound of children playing, and even an intermittent sound of silence. For instance, the documentary started with Fox playing the banjo and the end of the documentary also showed a man playing a musical instrument, which effectively integrates the whole creative work. Also, the sounds of the telephone ringing, the busy tone, and the background music of the answering machine were very effective in relaying the message that the narrator had been trying to collect different people and organizations to set the needed interviews for the documentary. These sounds and background music were all effective in appealing to the emotions of viewers. Sound and music provide an enhancing ability to emphasize an argument or a point being asserted. Likewise, background music, for instance, was instrumental in bridging one completed scene and used to transcend into a new issue or concern. The sounds actually enhanced and emphasized the arguments, as needed. Finally, the narrator also used the rhetorical strategy of visuals. Aside from the scenery and the people who were in terviewed, visuals also included graphics through stating relevant quotes, such as â€Å"water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink† (Moldovan) written in bold, white face and in all capital letters against a totally black background. In addition, graphics assisted in identifying the people who Fox interviewed, some with appropriate designations; such as Dr. Al Armerdariz, the Air Quality Specialist and Researcher at Southern Methodist University; Calvin Tillman, the Mayor of Dish, Texas; Wilma Subra, Chemist, First Responder, and MacArthur â€Å"Genius Award† Recipient; to name a few.        

Analyse the role of peer and self-assessment in the assessment process Essay

Analyse the role of peer and self-assessment in the assessment process - Essay Example In case of weakness, they learn from their mistakes and study how to tame or counter them. This learning method helps to remove the notion that learning is just a passive process where students listen to someone and get what he says. Here one listens to themselves and their peers. This process makes students more involved in the learning process. The more involved they are, the more effective the learning process is. David klob defines self-assessment learning as a process a spiral learning way, which takes into consideration all the fundamentals of learning. These are thinking, reflecting, experiencing, and acting. This makes it very effective (Lippincott, J. 1999, 67). This learning method also helps one to know the requirements that they need in order to achieve a certain goal. Having known their strengths and weakness, this is easier since they know the target they have to set for certain disciplines. They tend to know their expectations, and how to achieve them. Self-assessment can be used in two ways. It can be used in a summative or formative way. In most cases, it is used formatively. In formative ones, peer sets their standards for them; whereas, summative mostly includes the use of group work to set ones target (Catherine. 2011, 25). Lippincott, J. K., 1999. Collaboration Between Librarians And Information Technologists A Case Study Employing Kolbs Experiential Learning Theory, Thesis (Ph. D.)--University Of Maryland at College

Astronmy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Astronmy - Essay Example Knowledge on astronomy is also used in navigation, planting strategies, and explaining the origin of earth and its nature. The Greeks incorporated astronomy into their beliefs, mythology, religion and superstitions (Heath, 1991). One of the earliest writings on astronomy is Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, also known as the oldest-manual of astronomy. It provided information on constellations, stars, eclipses, and meteor showers. It also described how ancient people used stars in traveling both land and sea. Iliad also includes the idea that Earth is flat surfaced, an idea which is widely accepted then (Wood, 1999). It was also said that Thales, one of the Seven Sages or the Seven Wise Men of Greece, was able to predict an approximate time of an eclipse and devised a navigating system using the constellation Ursa Minor (Dreyer, 1953). Ancient Greeks used astronomy as a tool that can aid them in their everyday lives. An example of this is Solon’s calendar. The calendar, which is based mainly from his observation of the moon, which lead to the discovery and understanding of seasons provided the Greeks knowledge with better planting schemes and became vital for good food production (Ehrenberg, 1973). Aside from calendars, Greeks were also introduced to sundials by Anaximader of Miletus around 560 B.C. Although sundials are said to be originally discovered by the Babylonians, the Greeks were able to develop and make various forms of sundials (Aveni, 1989). Many people see the hands of God in studying the heavenly bodies, and the Greeks used astronomy as a means to see, understand and commune with God. As a result, astronomy and religion are closely related in Greek civilization. Names of planets are derived from Greek mythology, which is a great part of their religion (Heath, 1991). Several speculations were made by early Greek philosophers. One of them is Pythagoras, who provided the idea that

E-Government Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 17000 words

E-Government Literature Review - Essay Example g political combine, but the government has to take care of the interest of its citizens in other countries or regions, undertake infrastructure developmental activities and frame policies for effective control on the affairs. One understanding of government is a notion of public social control, logically related to responsiveness in handling the affairs of the state (McGarrell et al. 1997). Indeed, government exits in different forms depending upon the acceptability within the territory. In establishing a working definition, the research contained herein takes on a pragmatic understanding of government; in the contextual frame of working government definitions, this understanding is a broad reaching approach. Influenced by Drapeau (2009), government is ultimately understood in five different ways: iii. Government as a Partner: Government is supposed to work towards developing the municipality, the state or the country by soliciting active support and cooperation of its citizens, organizations and like-minded political affiliations As government is composed of citizens, it is necessary to consider the nature of citizenship. Someone who is an authorized resident of a territory, state or country is termed as the citizen of that particular region. Respective government makes efforts to ensure distinctive rights and privileges for their citizens in order to make them happy and seek their active cooperation in nation building. For example, the UK government came out with the attempts to propose an â€Å"entitlement card† for its authorized citizens in order to relate the rights and entitlements of their citizenship. This is being done with the help of standard biometric identification cards for British citizens (Beynon-Davies, 2007). This indicates the kind of importance attached with being a citizen of the country. Today, we are living in the era of globalization, which is marked by freer movement of people across boundaries, in different states and countries.

Amazon Marketing Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Amazon Marketing Communication - Essay Example The present research has identified that market research is the first step in marketing communication.The organization identifies the market requirements and produces the appropriate products. The second phase involves delivering the product to the market through promotional activities. This form of marketing communication is however not complete since it lacks customer feedback. A complete marketing communication plan entails the dissemination of information and customer feedback. Marketing communication in e-commerce enables organizations such as Amazon to market their products across the globe with minimal limitations. Marketing communication influences the success of some f the largest e-commerce organizations in the world. It is, therefore, important to analyze marketing communication critically based on e-commerce. Organisations practicing e-commerce engage customers in their marketing strategy through constant communication. Amazon is an example of a large e-commerce organizat ion that markets its products by effectively communicating with its customers. Marketing communication is an important business activity that involves the distribution of product information through various marketing channels. It is also a direct communication between two or more individuals. Traditionally, the main marketing communication channel revolves around mouth-to-mouth communication. The development of e-commerce influences personal communication in many ways such as the introduction of e-mail and social network sites. The various types of personal marketing communication are expert channels, advocate channels, and social channels. Salespersons are the main agents of communication in the advocate channel. Some organizations prefer the services of experts to disseminate their information to customers. In such a case, experts mainly facilitate the communication. Social channels entail communication marketing that uses social platforms such as journals, leaflets, posters, radi o, television, magazines newspapers and online forums. In the contemporary world, organizations are using the internet as a marketing communication channel.

Astronmy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Astronmy - Essay Example Knowledge on astronomy is also used in navigation, planting strategies, and explaining the origin of earth and its nature. The Greeks incorporated astronomy into their beliefs, mythology, religion and superstitions (Heath, 1991). One of the earliest writings on astronomy is Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, also known as the oldest-manual of astronomy. It provided information on constellations, stars, eclipses, and meteor showers. It also described how ancient people used stars in traveling both land and sea. Iliad also includes the idea that Earth is flat surfaced, an idea which is widely accepted then (Wood, 1999). It was also said that Thales, one of the Seven Sages or the Seven Wise Men of Greece, was able to predict an approximate time of an eclipse and devised a navigating system using the constellation Ursa Minor (Dreyer, 1953). Ancient Greeks used astronomy as a tool that can aid them in their everyday lives. An example of this is Solon’s calendar. The calendar, which is based mainly from his observation of the moon, which lead to the discovery and understanding of seasons provided the Greeks knowledge with better planting schemes and became vital for good food production (Ehrenberg, 1973). Aside from calendars, Greeks were also introduced to sundials by Anaximader of Miletus around 560 B.C. Although sundials are said to be originally discovered by the Babylonians, the Greeks were able to develop and make various forms of sundials (Aveni, 1989). Many people see the hands of God in studying the heavenly bodies, and the Greeks used astronomy as a means to see, understand and commune with God. As a result, astronomy and religion are closely related in Greek civilization. Names of planets are derived from Greek mythology, which is a great part of their religion (Heath, 1991). Several speculations were made by early Greek philosophers. One of them is Pythagoras, who provided the idea that

Amazon Marketing Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Amazon Marketing Communication - Essay Example The present research has identified that market research is the first step in marketing communication.The organization identifies the market requirements and produces the appropriate products. The second phase involves delivering the product to the market through promotional activities. This form of marketing communication is however not complete since it lacks customer feedback. A complete marketing communication plan entails the dissemination of information and customer feedback. Marketing communication in e-commerce enables organizations such as Amazon to market their products across the globe with minimal limitations. Marketing communication influences the success of some f the largest e-commerce organizations in the world. It is, therefore, important to analyze marketing communication critically based on e-commerce. Organisations practicing e-commerce engage customers in their marketing strategy through constant communication. Amazon is an example of a large e-commerce organizat ion that markets its products by effectively communicating with its customers. Marketing communication is an important business activity that involves the distribution of product information through various marketing channels. It is also a direct communication between two or more individuals. Traditionally, the main marketing communication channel revolves around mouth-to-mouth communication. The development of e-commerce influences personal communication in many ways such as the introduction of e-mail and social network sites. The various types of personal marketing communication are expert channels, advocate channels, and social channels. Salespersons are the main agents of communication in the advocate channel. Some organizations prefer the services of experts to disseminate their information to customers. In such a case, experts mainly facilitate the communication. Social channels entail communication marketing that uses social platforms such as journals, leaflets, posters, radi o, television, magazines newspapers and online forums. In the contemporary world, organizations are using the internet as a marketing communication channel.

Hobbes and Locke Essay Example for Free

Hobbes and Locke Essay Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are indeed, two of the most brilliant philosophers that ever existed. They may have similarities and differences between them, but it is undeniable that their ideas contributed a lot in shaping the modern world. Both Hobbes and Locke perceive man as a central figure in a society. For Hobbes, it is man’s nature to be mindful of him exclusively, with self-interest going above everything else. On the other hand, Locke perceives man as both self-interested and concerned about other people. The two really have similarities and differences, but in order to know more about them, we need to compare their stand about various aspects of society. One important aspect that we could consider is sovereignty (Williams, 2006). Hobbes made it clear in his Leviathan that a political society’s sole task was to identify a person or a group as the sovereign. This pertains to an election of some sort, which would determine who would be the sovereign. Hobbes regards this sovereign as someone with absolute power, and that every person in the society should give him/them their absolute obedience. For Hobbes, the only time that the people would be sovereign is when they choose who will be the distinguished sovereign of all. Locke on the other hand, would put the public good above all else, thus affecting his notion of sovereignty (John Locke, 2004). In Locke’s Second Treatise of Government, he recognizes the permanence and irrevocability of the social contract, but this limits the legislation only for public good. If and whenever the public trust is violated, say perhaps the people in power overlooked the public good, then they would have to answer to the people. They retained the power to remove or replace the legislative, considered to be sovereign, with a new legislative. Though it is unclear in Locke’s writings, he somehow deposits sovereignty in the people. He recognizes the sovereignty that a legislative may have, but still, it is in the hands of the people to correct any inappropriate actions that violate the public good. Another aspect that we could use to compare Locke and Hobbes is their idea about government. But before that, we need to consider first how these two look at the natural law that all men follow. For Hobbes, man follows a naturally law that eventually leads to a state of war. Their equality leads to conflict between each other, eventually leading to war and chaos. Locke on the other hand, would consider man’s natural law as a movement towards equality and freedom. Both men draw their ideas about the government from their concept of natural law. For Hobbes, government is important because it can be used to control natural law. For Locke on the other hand, government is important in order to preserve natural law. In relation to this, another aspect that we can consider in comparing Hobbes and Locke is their idea about rights. Thomas Hobbes believed that the natural law that man follows result from the rights possessed by each person to do everything in the world. Since they’re allowed to do whatever they want because of the rights they possess, conflict would be unavoidable. In order to avoid this state of war, man follows a social contract in order to create a civil society. This requires them to forfeit or cede some of their natural rights in order to be protected. This somehow controls them from exercising all of their rights, but somehow protecting them from the impending destruction that results from conflicts and wars. As for John Locke, he believes that all of us possess Natural Rights, which is brought about by the state of nature that we follow in the society. These include the right to life, liberty, and property. Both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke believe that all men are equal according to the natural law. For Hobbes however, this equality is seen in a state of war, caused by man’s right to everything. These rights lead them into conflict and boils down to chaos. Still, Hobbes believe that this state of war to be an equal field, wherein the weakest can still kill the strongest. There is no one above others in this state of war. He also believes that all man is sensible by nature, and can agree upon each other to avoid these constant wars. Locke on the other hand, sees man optimistically, wherein they are governed according to reason, thus coexisting equally and peacefully. They are all equal in terms of the rights they possess, thus putting them on the same level as everyone else. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both agree on the importance of civilizing man. It either control or preserve natural law, either way, it is beneficial. Putting this on the idea of â€Å"the savage†, we can see that they give emphasis on the importance of civilizing man because it makes him better. We can say that for these two, man can’t do away with the social establishments that he created, including the government and their notion of sovereignty, as it preserves and promote order in the society, something that both philosophers can somehow agree upon.

The benefits of trade openness to developing countries

The benefits of trade openness to developing countries Trade openness is beneficial to a developing country not only to foster foreign investment and technology transfer, but also to reduce poverty and child labour and to encourage human capital accumulation Introduction Trade liberalisation and integration of domestic economy to the world economy (although widely debated) has long been touted as one of the most suitable ways of inclusive economic development of third world countries. The proponents of globalisation often cite the stupendous economic growth of Asian countries like Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore and emerging economies like China and India as success stories of globalisation. Moreover, the initial notion of trade openness of developing countries, largely motivated by access to FDI and technology transfers from developed countries, has also been linked to rapid economic growth and in turn to reduction in poverty and child labour in those countries. The issues of poverty, child labour, education and employability, health and housing, and basic infrastructure development are central challenges to all developing countries; however, the issue of poverty and child labour is most appalling. Chen and Ravallion (2004) reported tha t as per estimates in 2001 about half of the developing world population (approx. 2.7 billion) survive on US$2 or less per day and a fifth of the total population (approx 1.2 billion) survive on a dollar or less per day. ILO (2002a) estimated that approximately 211 million children in the age group of 5-14, in 2000, were involved in some form of employment worldwide. There has been no disagreement that poverty alleviation is the ultimate aim of economic policies but the more suitable way to achieve this goal is ardently argued and there seems no agreement on that. One of the important questions that have been consistently raised in development economics is Does poor gain from high economic growth irrespective of its characteristics? There are two opinions on that. The opponents of globalisation argue that trade-led economic growth of developing countries have helped only middle and upper classes and have caused further income inequity. Moreover, trade openness has caused severe dama ges to the world environment. On the other hand, many scholars believe in the so-called Bhagawati Hypothesis according to which high rate of economic growth can help reduce poverty and what drives the economic growth of a given economy is of less significance (Tsai and Huang, 2007; Bhagwati, 2005; Bhagwati and Srinivasan, 2002; Dollar and Kraay, 2002, 2004). Tsai and Huang (2007) studied economic progress of Taiwan for the period 1964- 2003 suggested that distributional and growth effect of trade-led sustained economic growth had been the major driving factor for poverty alleviation in Taiwan over the period. Similarly a number of empirical studies done by Agenor (2004), Sharma (2003), and Winter et al (2004) have suggested a close linkage between the fast economic growth and poverty alleviation leading to an agreement among scholars that participation in international trade can be the useful way for tackling poverty in developing countries. However, Tsai and Huang (2007) argue that there is no straightforward linkage between the trade openness and poverty. In addition to the two strands on the benefits of trade openness to developing economies there is another perspective to the argument which is the benefits of trade openness to developed economies. Dowrick and Golley (2004) in their study of dynamic benefits of trade openness suggested that the benefits of trade liberalisation were substantially greater for developed economies as compared to benefits to the least developed countries. The brief examines the role of trade openness in the reduction of poverty and child labour incidences, and development of human capital in developing economies. Firstly, the phenomenon of trade openness has been discussed. In the subsequent sections the effects (both positive and negative) of trade openness on poverty, child labour and human capital accumulations has been assessed in the light of empirical studies. In the end concluding remarks on trade openness as means of poverty and child labour reduction and human capital accumulation is presented. Trade Openness Trade openness may be defined as the extent of which a country partakes in the global trade and allow foreign firms to do business in its domestic market. It is of two types revealed openness and policy openness. Revealed openness is measured in terms of ratio of total foreign trade to GDP. It is clearly defined and well measured; however, use of prices (domestic or international) to value the trade ratio has been a cause of disagreement among economists. Studies that focus on revealed openness always attempt to understand the linkage between trade openness and economic performance. In other words, deals with finding about the fact that whether economies (and particularly developing) who partake more in global trade have high rate of economic growth that those who abstain from it. This approach has several disadvantages such as it does not explain why some countries might trade more as the high trade openness of a country may be the result of small domestic market, easy access to fo reign market and policy openness. Policy openness, as the name suggest, is measured in various ways such as 1) in terms of incidence measures of trade barriers; 2) trade flow measures adjusted for structural characteristics such as size and factor endowments; and 3) price distortions. However, policy openness is difficult to measure and all these measures discussed above have their limitations and reliability issues. The policy openness measure by Sachs and Warner (1995) is considered as the most influential and useful in estimating its effects on economic performance. They classified a country as having policy openness if it does not exhibited characteristics such as 1) typical tariff rates of 40 percent or above on imported goods; 2) non-tariff barriers amounting to 40 percent or more on imported goods; 3) a black market exchange rate premium of 20% or more; 4) an economic system based on socialist vision; and 5) state monopoly on major exports. However, the model has been critici sed by Rodriguez and Rodrik (2001) (cited in Dowrick and Golley; 2004) for many reasons. They argued that the crucial components of the model export monopoly and black market premium are hard to analyse for some Latin American and African economies due to their macroeconomic and political difficulties. Frankel and Romer (1999) (cited in Dowrick and Golley; 2004) produced a measure of constructed openness to trade by obtaining predicted value from regression of bilateral trade relations on geographic variables and created national constructed trade shares by aggregating it. The method has been used by various studies in determining the effects of trade openness on economic development (Dowrick and Golley, 2004). As far as the empirical studies on impact of trade liberalisation on economic development are concerned, it has been found that trade openness positively correlates with economic development. However, the measurement issues in those studies are highly debated. The studies by Sachs and Warner (1995), Frankel and Romer (1999) and Dollar and Kraay (2003) have been most influential. Sachs and Warner found that open economies experienced high GDP per capita (over the study period) and it promoted convergence in incomes in poor countries. Frankel and Romer analysed differences in levels of development of 150 countries and found that 10% points increase in trade integration resulted in 20% points increase in income per person (Dollar and Kraay, 2001). Dollar and Kraay, by using Frabkel-Romer measure, analysed decadal growth of per capita GDP of countries open to trade and reported that doubling of trade integration raised annual growth by 2.5% points (Dowrick and Golley, 2004). Impact of trade openness on poverty reduction Trade liberalisation can affect poverty in two ways through economic growth gains and income distribution effect. Tsai and Huang (2007, p. 1861) argued that countries open to international trade grow relatively faster than the closed economies because an open trade regime facilitates efficient transmission of price signals from the international market to the national economy, enhances diffusion of production and management knowledge, and improves domestic efficiency as a result of intensive international competition. The accurate price indicator from international market results in efficient distribution of resources in national economy based on its comparative advantage that leads to faster growth. The gains accrued through high economic growth rate further absorb in the economy and indirectly contribute to poverty reduction. In addition, higher economic growth also results in improved government earnings through direct and indirect taxes providing government sufficient fund for i nvestments in education, infrastructure, employment creation and other social needs of the poor section of society (Dollar and Kraay, 2004; Todaro and Smith, 2009). However, Tsai and Huang (2007) argued that in trade-led growing economies, the degree of poverty reduction largely depend on the efficient distribution of dynamic gains of economic growth or on the comparative advantage of the country. They suggested as most of the poor live in developing world and most of these developing economies have comparative advantages in labour intensive sectors, trade openness result in expansion of labour-intensive exports and thereby higher rate of real wage for labour. The effects of trade policies and liberalisation on economic performance have been studied by economists since 1970s. The main motivation behind the growing body of theoretical and empirical study on the subject has been the unusual growth patterns of some of the Asian, Latin American and African countries during the second half of 20th century. The observed differences in growth rate is assumed to be due to adoption of different strategies by these developing countries such as import substitution industrialisation (ISI) (by majority of Latin American and Sub-Saharan African economies) and export-promotion policies by East Asian economies. The empirical evidence shows that East Asian economies outperformed the growth rate of other developing economies who adopted ISI strategies (Yanikkaya, 2003). Dollar and Kraay (2001) identified two groups of developing countries termed as globalisers (who participated in international trade) and non globalisers (who did not participated in interna tional trade) and studied their economic growth post-1980s. They reported the fall in income inequality in half of the globaliser countries such as India, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand among others while income distribution of Costa Rica and Ecuador remained stable over a period of 20 years since 1980s. They further concluded that as changes in income inequality in most of the globaliser countries remained low the income of poor grew at an average of 3% (equal to per capita GDP growth rate) per year in China, India, Malaysia, Thailand and other developing countries. In addition, all globalisers grew faster economically and socially during the period 1980 2000. This suggests that trade liberalisation leads to decline in income inequality between the countries and reduction in poverty. The developing countries that participated in international trade grew fast during 1980s and 1990s and even faster than the rich countries during 1990s. The rapid growth led to the decline in poverty levels in most of these countries. On the other hand, countries that did not participated in international trade could not catch up with the world growth and fell further behind (Dollar and Kraay, 2001). Impact of trade openness on child labour The impact of globalisation on the incidence of child labour has recently gained much attention from researchers and scholars, primarily due to ethical concerns on exploitation of child and interest of organised labour in protecting jobs. Globalisation is defined as the active participation of countries in global trade and increased geographical spread of foreign direct investments (FDI). It is argued to have both positive and negative influences on child labour particularly in poor economies. However, the more globalised developing country have lower incidence of child labour. It is widely agreed that poverty is the main reason (if not the only) of child labour as poor parents living in extreme poverty often employ their children in full-time work for a living. Initially, in developing economies, a child engages in employment to fulfil the basic needs of the family but soon this temporary arrangement becomes permanent as children either cannot afford education due to financial const raints or lose their interest in education (Basu, 1997 and 1999; Neumayer and Soysa, 2005). The impact of trade openness and penetration of FDI on the child labour incidence in developing country has been explained from both the perspectives. The most compelling argument that shows that globalisation promote child labour is that trade openness increases the demand for unskilled labour in developing economies thereby raising the relative rate of returns to unskilled labour. As a result, incentives to invest in education and skills diminish causing increase in rate of returns to child labour which in turn forces parents to engage their children in child employment (Grootaert and Kanbur, 1995). It is also argued that free trade forces countries to gain competitive advantages through becoming cost-effective and a higher level of child labour can cut the cost significantly. Hence, trade openness could result in increase in child labour in developing countries with lax child labour laws. The recent cases of Nike, Reebok and Adidas are proofs that MNCs occasionally subcontract to enterprises that employ child labour (Palley, 2002; Neumayer and Soysa, 2005). Conversely, the proponents of globalisation argue that trade liberalisation will not only have the substitution effect but also income effect as well. The relative increase in the rate of return on unskilled labour will increase the income level of impoverished parents. Consequently, less number of parents would see need to send their children to work (Basu, 1997). It is also argued that in the long run, trade liberalisation may cause sectoral shift from low-skilled labour -abundant production to high-skilled capital intensive manufacturing due to development of technological capability making employment of children less attractive. The countries more open to trade often invest in education (primary and secondary) and skill development to increase their global competitiveness that indirectly minimises the incidence of child labour. Jafarey and Lahiri (2002) suggest that more open countries will have lower interest rate and provide better access to credit which will lower opportunity cost for education and subsequently incidence of child labour. There have been various empirical studies to analyse the correlation of trade openness with child labour. Neumayer and Soysa (2005) showed that economies that are more engaged in international trade and FDI have a lower incidence of child labour. Edmonds and Pavcnik (2002) in their study reported that a liberalised trade policy in Vietnam increased rice prices and causes reduction in child labour. They found that 30% price increase in rice resulted in 9% decrease in child labour incidence and in total the price increase caused reduction of 47% in child labour during the period 1993-1998 (Todaro and Smith, 2009). Impact of trade openness on human capital accumulation It is argued that a developing economy with a low income and low human capital accumulation can advance in a high income (and high human capital) economy by engaging in trade with a developed economy rich in human capital (Ranjan, 2003). In order to support the argument, examples of human capital accumulation, post trade liberalisation, of countries such as Japan, Italy, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, India, South Korea and Taiwan are often cited. Ranjan (2003) suggested that trade openness results in the rise of unskilled wage that further cast aside the existing constraints on investments in human capital which initiate the human capital accumulation process in developing countries. This eventually allows the developing economy to converge in to high-income and high-skilled economic state. The recent growth of East Asian economies further supports the argument which is considered as a result of rapid accumulation of physical and human capital due to increasing focus on international trade (Young, 1995). Bergin and Kearney (2007) suggested that turnaround in economic performance of Ireland during mid-1980s and even faster growth during 1990s resulted in the large scale investment in education and human capital development. The human capital accumulation in Ireland was partly due to high-demand of skilled labour as it attracted skill-intensive and high productive FDI industries through free trade policies. Ireland maintained its competiveness in international market through the combination of rising levels of education and open labour market that meant increased employment and stable unit labour cost (Tsai and Huang, 2007). The growth literature also suggests that to support high economic growth in a developing country the rise in education level and human capital accumulation is very critical (Bergin and Kearney, 2007). However, Ranjan (2003) stated that in spite the availability of substantial literature and empirical evidence showing positive relation of trade openness and human capital accumulation, earlier empirical studies (Stiglitz, 1970; Findlay and Kierzkowski, 1983) (cited in Ranjan, 2003) suggested that trade openness rather leads to widening of differences in factor endowments of more open economies instead of highly argued convergence. These studies are criticised for not taking in to account the possible influence of credit constraints on physical and human capital accumulation (Ranjan, 2003). Cartiglia (1997) suggested that as economies engage in international trade the prices of high-tech goods falls in domestic economy and demand for low-skilled labour picks up due to expansion of low-tech industries. This increased demand of low-skilled labour decreases the real wages of skilled labour in developing economies. He further argued as education sector employs skilled worker this result in the fall in cost of education making it more affordable to people. Consequently, in the long term the overall supply of skilled workers increases. On the other hand, availability of cheap high-tech goods due to trade allows developing economies to devote more of their skilled labour in the training and development of next generation skilled workers. Conclusion The assessment of various empirical studies done on the linkages of trade openness to economic development revealed that trade openness is positively correlated to the reduction of poverty and child labour, and human capital accumulation in developing countries. The economic success of East Asian studies and other developing economies such as India and China during the last two decades are testimony to that fact that integration to the world economy accelerates economic growth. It is found that higher economic growth causes reduction in poverty and child labour through income and distribution effects. Trade openness not only generates employment for unskilled labour but causes a rise in unskilled wage and improves income level of the poor. It provides higher tax revenue to government a part of which is invested in education, employment creation, infrastructure and other social projects that directly or indirectly supports poverty reduction. The reduced poverty further helps in reduct ion of child labour incidences as a result of distributional effect of economic growth. Moreover, the increased government investments in education make schooling more affordable to children and results in reduction in child labour incidences. As far as the effect of trade openness on human capital accumulation is concerned, as argued by Ranjan (2003), trade openness results in the rise of unskilled wage that further relaxes constraints on human capital investment and initiates the process of human capital development. This eventually allows the developing economy to emerge in to a wealthy and high- skilled economic state. Overall, despite the criticism of trade openness to be largely beneficial to developed economies, growing body of empirical evidence suggest that it does help the reduction of poverty and child labour and human capital accumulation in developing countries.

Race-Based Traffic Stops in the US Essay -- racial profiling, police st

Imagine driving home, on a pleasant evening, after a tedious day at work. Just as you are about to arrive to your neighborhood, you notice blue and red flashing lights and pull over. It seems the police officer has no reason for stopping you, except to search your vehicle because of your suspiciously perceived skin tone. This unnecessary traffic stop, designed for people of colored skin, happens on numerous occasions and has been termed Driving While Black or Brown. Racial profiling is the act of using race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed a crime. Race-based traffic stops are dangerous for people of color, since they can happen anytime; various African Americans and Latinos modify their driving habits in uncommon ways. For example, some completely avoid predominately white suburbs, in fear of police involvements for looking out of place. Some intentionally drive ordinary vehicles or change his or her dressing style, and others who drive long distances even factor in extra time for the inescapable traffic stops (Harris). â€Å"From 2005 to mid-2008, approximately eighty percent of total stops made were of Blacks and Latinos, who comprise twenty-five percent and twenty-eight percent of New York City’s total population, respectively. During this same time period, only about ten percent of stops were of Whites, who comprise forty-four percent of the city’s population† (â€Å"Restoring a National Consensus†). Ray Kelly, appointed Police Commissioner by Mayor Michael Bloomberg, of New York in 2013, has not only accepted stop-and-frisk, a program that allows law enforcers to stop individuals and search them, but has multiplied its use. Kelly argued that New Yorkers of color, who have been unevenly targeted un... ...inspired action at the state and local level. The ACLU calls on legislators in every state to pass laws that will allow the practice of traffic enforcement to be statistically monitored continuously. Fourth, the Justice Department should ban racial profiling in all federally funded drug interdiction programs. Fifth, the fifty largest cities in the United States should voluntarily collect traffic stop data (â€Å"Restoring a National Consensus†). Earl G. Graves said, â€Å"Fifty years after Dr. Martin Luther King expressed his dream that African Americans would someday be judged not by the color of our skin but by the content of our character, the line between the suspect is a black male and black males are suspect remains dangerously thin.† Our nation needs to follow the five-step plan outlined by ACLU to allow our members of society safety and equal rights for one another.

Representation of Society in Euripides Medea Essay -- Euripides Medea

Representation of Society in Euripides' Medea During the time of Euripides, approximately the second half of the fifth century B.C., it was a period of immense cultural crisis and political convulsion (Arrowsmith 350). Euripides, like many other of his contemporaries, used the whole machinery of the theater as a way of thinking about their world (Arrowsmith 349). His interest in particular was the analysis of culture and relationship between culture and the individual. Euripides used his characters as a function to shape the ideas of the play (Arrowsmith 359). In Medea, there was not a "traditional" hero, but a fragmentation between the two paired major characters, which is characteristic of Euripides' work (Arrowsmith 356). Jason and Medea, the initial lovers of the play, were antagonists by the play's end. Euripides sought to take the wholeness of the old "hero" and represent him divisively, thus diffused over several characters. Since Euripides chooses that his characters represent ideas, the paired antagonist Jason and Medea both represent the warlike modes of a divided c... Representation of Society in Euripides' Medea Essay -- Euripides Medea Representation of Society in Euripides' Medea During the time of Euripides, approximately the second half of the fifth century B.C., it was a period of immense cultural crisis and political convulsion (Arrowsmith 350). Euripides, like many other of his contemporaries, used the whole machinery of the theater as a way of thinking about their world (Arrowsmith 349). His interest in particular was the analysis of culture and relationship between culture and the individual. Euripides used his characters as a function to shape the ideas of the play (Arrowsmith 359). In Medea, there was not a "traditional" hero, but a fragmentation between the two paired major characters, which is characteristic of Euripides' work (Arrowsmith 356). Jason and Medea, the initial lovers of the play, were antagonists by the play's end. Euripides sought to take the wholeness of the old "hero" and represent him divisively, thus diffused over several characters. Since Euripides chooses that his characters represent ideas, the paired antagonist Jason and Medea both represent the warlike modes of a divided c...